The easiest way to create great-sounding songs on your Mac. With an intuitive interface and access to a complete sound library, it's never been easier to learn, play, record, and share music like a pro. Learn more about GarageBand. Way back before macOS Sierra launched in 2016, the Mac's ability to listen to you and talk back was already impressive through Dictation. However, that's been completely topped by Siri's. While gathering and driving Longhorns, Mac and his friends meet an interesting collection of characters, including Margo. Mac and Margo and the crew learn about Longhorns, and life, from hard experience before they eventually head west. Outlaws and harrowing river crossings are just two of the challenges they face along their way.
To use a keyboard shortcut, press and hold one or more modifier keys and then press the last key of the shortcut. For example, to use Command-C (copy), press and hold the Command key, then the C key, then release both keys. Mac menus and keyboards often use symbols for certain keys, including modifier keys:
On keyboards made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option, and the Windows logo key instead of Command.
Some keys on some Apple keyboards have special symbols and functions, such as for display brightness , keyboard brightness , Mission Control, and more. If these functions aren't available on your keyboard, you might be able to reproduce some of them by creating your own keyboard shortcuts. To use these keys as F1, F2, F3, or other standard function keys, combine them with the Fn key.
The Way For Mac Catalina
Cut, copy, paste, and other common shortcuts
- Command-X: Cut the selected item and copy it to the Clipboard.
- Command-C: Copy the selected item to the Clipboard. This also works for files in the Finder.
- Command-V: Paste the contents of the Clipboard into the current document or app. This also works for files in the Finder.
- Command-Z: Undo the previous command. You can then press Shift-Command-Z to Redo, reversing the undo command. In some apps, you can undo and redo multiple commands.
- Command-A: Select All items.
- Command-F: Find items in a document or open a Find window.
- Command-G: Find Again: Find the next occurrence of the item previously found. To find the previous occurrence, press Shift-Command-G.
- Command-H: Hide the windows of the front app. To view the front app but hide all other apps, press Option-Command-H.
- Command-M: Minimize the front window to the Dock. To minimize all windows of the front app, press Option-Command-M.
- Command-O: Open the selected item, or open a dialog to select a file to open.
- Command-P: Print the current document.
- Command-S: Save the current document.
- Command-T: Open a new tab.
- Command-W: Close the front window. To close all windows of the app, press Option-Command-W.
- Option-Command-Esc: Force quit an app.
- Command–Space bar: Show or hide the Spotlight search field. To perform a Spotlight search from a Finder window, press Command–Option–Space bar. (If you use multiple input sources to type in different languages, these shortcuts change input sources instead of showing Spotlight. Learn how to change a conflicting keyboard shortcut.)
- Control–Command–Space bar: Show the Character Viewer, from which you can choose emoji and other symbols.
- Control-Command-F: Use the app in full screen, if supported by the app.
- Space bar: Use Quick Look to preview the selected item.
- Command-Tab: Switch to the next most recently used app among your open apps.
- Shift-Command-5: In macOS Mojave or later, take a screenshot or make a screen recording. Or use Shift-Command-3 or Shift-Command-4 for screenshots. Learn more about screenshots.
- Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder in the Finder.
- Command-Comma (,): Open preferences for the front app.
Sleep, log out, and shut down shortcuts
You might need to press and hold some of these shortcuts for slightly longer than other shortcuts. This helps you to avoid using them unintentionally.
- Power button: Press to turn on your Mac or wake it from sleep. Press and hold for 1.5 seconds to put your Mac to sleep.* Continue holding to force your Mac to turn off.
- Option–Command–Power button* or Option–Command–Media Eject : Put your Mac to sleep.
- Control–Shift–Power button* or Control–Shift–Media Eject : Put your displays to sleep.
- Control–Power button* or Control–Media Eject : Display a dialog asking whether you want to restart, sleep, or shut down.
- Control–Command–Power button:* Force your Mac to restart, without prompting to save any open and unsaved documents.
- Control–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then restart your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
- Control–Option–Command–Power button* or Control–Option–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then shut down your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
- Control-Command-Q: Immediately lock your screen.
- Shift-Command-Q: Log out of your macOS user account. You will be asked to confirm. To log out immediately without confirming, press Option-Shift-Command-Q.
* Does not apply to the Touch ID sensor.
Finder and system shortcuts
- Command-D: Duplicate the selected files.
- Command-E: Eject the selected disk or volume.
- Command-F: Start a Spotlight search in the Finder window.
- Command-I: Show the Get Info window for a selected file.
- Command-R: (1) When an alias is selected in the Finder: show the original file for the selected alias. (2) In some apps, such as Calendar or Safari, refresh or reload the page. (3) In Software Update preferences, check for software updates again.
- Shift-Command-C: Open the Computer window.
- Shift-Command-D: Open the desktop folder.
- Shift-Command-F: Open the Recents window, showing all of the files you viewed or changed recently.
- Shift-Command-G: Open a Go to Folder window.
- Shift-Command-H: Open the Home folder of the current macOS user account.
- Shift-Command-I: Open iCloud Drive.
- Shift-Command-K: Open the Network window.
- Option-Command-L: Open the Downloads folder.
- Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder.
- Shift-Command-O: Open the Documents folder.
- Shift-Command-P: Show or hide the Preview pane in Finder windows.
- Shift-Command-R: Open the AirDrop window.
- Shift-Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar in Finder windows.
- Control-Shift-Command-T: Add selected Finder item to the Dock (OS X Mavericks or later)
- Shift-Command-U: Open the Utilities folder.
- Option-Command-D: Show or hide the Dock.
- Control-Command-T: Add the selected item to the sidebar (OS X Mavericks or later).
- Option-Command-P: Hide or show the path bar in Finder windows.
- Option-Command-S: Hide or show the Sidebar in Finder windows.
- Command–Slash (/): Hide or show the status bar in Finder windows.
- Command-J: Show View Options.
- Command-K: Open the Connect to Server window.
- Control-Command-A: Make an alias of the selected item.
- Command-N: Open a new Finder window.
- Option-Command-N: Create a new Smart Folder.
- Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
- Option-Command-T: Show or hide the toolbar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
- Option-Command-V: Move the files in the Clipboard from their original location to the current location.
- Command-Y: Use Quick Look to preview the selected files.
- Option-Command-Y: View a Quick Look slideshow of the selected files.
- Command-1: View the items in the Finder window as icons.
- Command-2: View the items in a Finder window as a list.
- Command-3: View the items in a Finder window in columns.
- Command-4: View the items in a Finder window in a gallery.
- Command–Left Bracket ([): Go to the previous folder.
- Command–Right Bracket (]): Go to the next folder.
- Command–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder.
- Command–Control–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder in a new window.
- Command–Down Arrow: Open the selected item.
- Right Arrow: Open the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Left Arrow: Close the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Command-Delete: Move the selected item to the Trash.
- Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash.
- Option-Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash without confirmation dialog.
- Command–Brightness Down: Turn video mirroring on or off when your Mac is connected to more than one display.
- Option–Brightness Up: Open Displays preferences. This works with either Brightness key.
- Control–Brightness Up or Control–Brightness Down: Change the brightness of your external display, if supported by your display.
- Option–Shift–Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Brightness Down: Adjust the display brightness in smaller steps. Add the Control key to this shortcut to make the adjustment on your external display, if supported by your display.
- Option–Mission Control: Open Mission Control preferences.
- Command–Mission Control: Show the desktop.
- Control–Down Arrow: Show all windows of the front app.
- Option–Volume Up: Open Sound preferences. This works with any of the volume keys.
- Option–Shift–Volume Up or Option–Shift–Volume Down: Adjust the sound volume in smaller steps.
- Option–Keyboard Brightness Up: Open Keyboard preferences. This works with either Keyboard Brightness key.
- Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Down: Adjust the keyboard brightness in smaller steps.
- Option key while double-clicking: Open the item in a separate window, then close the original window.
- Command key while double-clicking: Open a folder in a separate tab or window.
- Command key while dragging to another volume: Move the dragged item to the other volume, instead of copying it.
- Option key while dragging: Copy the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
- Option-Command while dragging: Make an alias of the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
- Option-click a disclosure triangle: Open all folders within the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Command-click a window title: See the folders that contain the current folder.
- Learn how to use Command or Shift to select multiple items in the Finder.
- Click the Go menu in the Finder menu bar to see shortcuts for opening many commonly used folders, such as Applications, Documents, Downloads, Utilities, and iCloud Drive.
Document shortcuts
The behavior of these shortcuts may vary with the app you're using.
- Command-B: Boldface the selected text, or turn boldfacing on or off.
- Command-I: Italicize the selected text, or turn italics on or off.
- Command-K: Add a web link.
- Command-U: Underline the selected text, or turn underlining on or off.
- Command-T: Show or hide the Fonts window.
- Command-D: Select the Desktop folder from within an Open dialog or Save dialog.
- Control-Command-D: Show or hide the definition of the selected word.
- Shift-Command-Colon (:): Display the Spelling and Grammar window.
- Command-Semicolon (;): Find misspelled words in the document.
- Option-Delete: Delete the word to the left of the insertion point.
- Control-H: Delete the character to the left of the insertion point. Or use Delete.
- Control-D: Delete the character to the right of the insertion point. Or use Fn-Delete.
- Fn-Delete: Forward delete on keyboards that don't have a Forward Delete key. Or use Control-D.
- Control-K: Delete the text between the insertion point and the end of the line or paragraph.
- Fn–Up Arrow: Page Up: Scroll up one page.
- Fn–Down Arrow: Page Down: Scroll down one page.
- Fn–Left Arrow: Home: Scroll to the beginning of a document.
- Fn–Right Arrow: End: Scroll to the end of a document.
- Command–Up Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the document.
- Command–Down Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the document.
- Command–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the current line.
- Command–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the current line.
- Option–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word.
- Option–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the next word.
- Shift–Command–Up Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the document.
- Shift–Command–Down Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the document.
- Shift–Command–Left Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the current line.
- Shift–Command–Right Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the current line.
- Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line above.
- Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line below.
- Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the left.
- Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the right.
- Option–Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current paragraph, then to the beginning of the following paragraph if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current paragraph, then to the end of the following paragraph if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current word, then to the beginning of the following word if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current word, then to the end of the following word if pressed again.
- Control-A: Move to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
- Control-E: Move to the end of a line or paragraph.
- Control-F: Move one character forward.
- Control-B: Move one character backward.
- Control-L: Center the cursor or selection in the visible area.
- Control-P: Move up one line.
- Control-N: Move down one line.
- Control-O: Insert a new line after the insertion point.
- Control-T: Swap the character behind the insertion point with the character in front of the insertion point.
- Command–Left Curly Bracket ({): Left align.
- Command–Right Curly Bracket (}): Right align.
- Shift–Command–Vertical bar (|): Center align.
- Option-Command-F: Go to the search field.
- Option-Command-T: Show or hide a toolbar in the app.
- Option-Command-C: Copy Style: Copy the formatting settings of the selected item to the Clipboard.
- Option-Command-V: Paste Style: Apply the copied style to the selected item.
- Option-Shift-Command-V: Paste and Match Style: Apply the style of the surrounding content to the item pasted within that content.
- Option-Command-I: Show or hide the inspector window.
- Shift-Command-P: Page setup: Display a window for selecting document settings.
- Shift-Command-S: Display the Save As dialog, or duplicate the current document.
- Shift–Command–Minus sign (-): Decrease the size of the selected item.
- Shift–Command–Plus sign (+): Increase the size of the selected item. Command–Equal sign (=) performs the same function.
- Shift–Command–Question mark (?): Open the Help menu.
Other shortcuts
For more shortcuts, check the shortcut abbreviations shown in the menus of your apps. Every app can have its own shortcuts, and shortcuts that work in one app might not work in another.
The Way For Cowboys Bible
- Apple Music shortcuts: Choose Help > Keyboard shortcuts from the menu bar in the Music app.
- Other shortcuts: Choose Apple menu > System Preferences, click Keyboard, then click Shortcuts.
Learn more
- Create your own shortcuts and resolve conflicts between shortcuts
- Change the behavior of the function keys or modifier keys
On January 24, 1984, at the Flint Center on De Anza College's campus in Cupertino, California, Apple formally announced the Macintosh at its shareholder meeting, in front an audience so packed that large numbers of people who owned Apple stock couldn't get in at all.
Here's a video of the entire event, complete with an introduction by then-CEO John Sculley apologizing to the shareholders who were stuck outside:
[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YShLWK9n2Sk]
Drawing heavily on inspiration from Xerox's PARC lab and other research that came before it, as well as Apple's own Lisa — but adding plenty of its own innovations — the Mac was the first successful computer with a graphical user interface, a mouse and the ability to show you what a printed document would look like before you printed it. As the computer turns 30, it's tempting to celebrate simply by remembering how profoundly its debut changed personal computing.
(PHOTOS:Macintosh at 30: Apple's Computer Evolution)
But as I think about the anniversary, I'm at least as impressed by two other facts about the Mac:
1) It's actually existed for 30 years
2) More important, it's mattered for 30 years
In other categories of products, something being around for decades, continuing to evolve and maintaining its popularity isn't all that unusual: Consider, for instance, the Toyota Corolla, which has been with us since 1966.
But the Mac is the only personal computer with a 30-year history. Other than Apple itself, the leading computer companies of 1984 included names such as Atari, Commodore, Compaq, Kaypro and Radio Shack — all of which have since either left the PC business or vanished altogether. Even IBM, personified as the evil Big Brother-like overlord in the Mac's legendary '1984' commercial, bailed on the PC industry in 2004. That the Mac has not only survived but thrived is astonishing.
Technically, the Macs of today are actually based on operating-system software that originated with the computers made by NeXT, the company Steve Jobs founded after being ousted from Apple in 1985 and then sold to it in 1996. Philosophically, aesthetically and spiritually, though, they're very much descendants of the original 1984 Mac. The same things Apple cared about then — approachability, integration of software and hardware, a willingness to do fewer things but do them better — it cares about today. It's always just tried to build the best, most Apple-esque personal computers it could with the technology available to it at the time.
And if you trace the history of the Mac from 1984 to 2014, you keep coming up with ways the platform influenced the rest of the industry — yes, even during the scary period during the mid-1990s when the company flirted with financial disaster.
So for this list, I'm skipping the reasons why the Mac mattered in 1984. Here's why it's never stopped being the world's most influential personal computer.
1. It made icons into art.
The first Mac was the first fully mainstream computer with a graphical user interface, and therefore the first one with icons. They were famously designed by Susan Kare, who later did icons for Microsoft, Facebook and other clients. Today, icons are everywhere — on computers, phones, tablets and the web. And even though today's designers have more pixels and colors to work with than Kare did back in the day, their work, like hers, involves visualizing concepts in a way that's immediately understandable, even at a teensy size.
2. Macs have always begged to be networked.
Starting in 1985, when computer networking was still a pricey and exotic rarity, Apple made it easy to connect Macs to each other using a technology called AppleTalk. The original iMac had Ethernet at a time when that was a startlingly advanced feature for a home computer. And when Apple unveiled a laptop with built-in Wi-Fi at Macworld Expo New York in 1999, the notion of being able to use the Internet without any cords was still so startling that Phil Schiller jumped from a great height onto a mattress while clutching an iBook to prove that no strings were attached.
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3. HyperCard helped inspire the web.
Bill Atkinson, the genius who did as much as anyone to make the Mac's interface great, also created 1987's HyperCard, a Mac application that let anyone create stacks of on-screen cards with text, images and hyperlinks. Widely applauded at the time — and bundled with every Mac — HyperCard never quite changed the world. But it influenced Tim Berners-Lee's early collaborator Robert Cailliau, who had a hand in inventing the basic technologies of a rather HyperCard-like technology called the World Wide Web.
4. Microsoft Office was born there.
Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office have had such a symbiotic relationship for so long that it's easy to forget that Office started out on the Mac. Back in 1989, Microsoft bundled up the first version — with Mac editions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint and an e-mail app — as a limited-time offer. It was a hit, so the bundling became permanent, and a Windows version arrived in 1990.
5. It made pointing portable.
Grizzled tech veterans recall the age when notebook computers didn't incorporate a pointing device — you either plugged in a mouse, strapped on some sort of ungainly offboard trackball or did without. That changed in 1991 when Apple announced its first PowerBooks, which put a palm-rest area below the keyboard, with a sizable trackball in the middle. Trackballs didn't last all that long before giving way to touchpads, but the palm rest is still a standard feature on nearly every laptop.
6. QuickTime kickstarted digital video.
If you operate under the theory that Apple didn't do anything of lasting importance during the 11 years that Steve Jobs was in exile, consider this: QuickTime, which put smooth, high-quality video on a Mac's screen, was groundbreaking when it debuted in 1991. Its descendants are in every Mac, iPhone and iPad, and the standards it shaped led to the era of YouTube and Netflix.
7. Touchpads took over.
As useful as built-in trackballs were, they had their downsides: They took up a lot of space, required periodic cleaning and were prone to mechanical failure. And their era turned out to be brief. In 1994, Apple shipped the first PowerBooks with touchpads — the company calls them Trackpads — and they soon became the de facto mobile pointing device almost everywhere, with the exception of ThinkPads and a few other machines with tiny pointing sticks.
8. Macs never have trouble saying goodbye.
Part of Apple's design minimalism involves removing features it's decided are no longer necessary — and almost always, it errs on the side of removing them too early rather than too late. When 1998's original iMac ditched the 3 1/2-inch floppy drive — a technology introduced 14 years earlier by the first Mac — it provoked a fair amount of anguish and even conspiracy theories. But within half a decade or so, the floppy was gone everywhere.
9. For logos, it proved upside-down is right.
Bloomberg / Getty ImagesSteve Jobs introduces the original MacBook Air in January 2008
These days, nearly all laptops have prominent logos on the back of their screens. From the perspective of the users, they're upside-down — which means that they're right side-up when you flip the computer open, allowing them to serve as tiny billboards that display a branding message to everyone else around you. But notebooks didn't always have those logos, and even Apple machines, at first, had them the other way around. In 2012, former Apple employee Joe Moreno explained how the logos got flipped, a design decision that the rest of the industry ended up following.
10. The Apple Store was originally a Mac store.
When the first two Apple Store locations opened on May 19, 2001 in Tysons Corner, Va. and Glendale, Ca., they weren't stocked with iPhones or iPads. They didn't even carry iPods, which didn't exist until October of that year. No, they offered only computers and related products — which meant that Apple's revolutionary approach to electronics retailing originated as a way to sell more Macs.
11. Steve Jobs' media hub vision came true.
Back in the early part of this century, when Apple was busy creating apps such as iTunes, iPhoto and iMovie, Steve Jobs spent a lot of time pitching the idea of the Mac as a media hub — a device you'd use to manage digital music, photos, video and other content you created and consumed using a variety of then-new gizmos. The concept worked. And if it's less of a given today that you'll use a computer for those tasks, it's only because the iPhone and iPad proved that phones and tablets can also be great media hubs.
12. It gave Bluetooth a boost.
In 2002, when phones started adding a wireless technology called Bluetooth, there wasn't much you could do with it. But you could use it to transfer data between your phone and a Mac — at first using Apple's Bluetooth adapter and, shortly thereafter, via Bluetooth built into new Macs. The technology never became all that common on Windows PCs, but it continues on as a standard Mac feature to this day.
13. Macs keep proving you can start fresh.
In 2001, Apple dumped Mac OS — the original Mac operating system, which had grown outdated and creaky — and replaced it with the state-of-the-art OS X. If the company hadn't been willing to do that, it's unlikely that Macs would exist today. Two other similar shifts — the move from 680×0 processors to PowerPC chips, and then the move from PowerPC chips to Intel ones — were equally daring. Strangely, Apple's fearlessness about such transitions, successful though they've been, is one thing about the company that few of its rivals ever imitate.
14. It let you see your keyboard in the dark.
The 17-inch PowerBook that Apple released in 2003 had the largest screen anybody had put into a notebook up until that time — and it did inspire similarly humongous Windows laptops. But I'm bringing it up here because it was the first portable computer with a backlit keyboard and light sensors, which let it turn on the illumination only when necessary. Plenty of other models have since followed its lead, to the point where lack of illumination is a sign that a laptop suffers from excessive cost-cutting.
15. iTunes built commerce into a computing device.
In 2003, Apple started selling digital music downloads. They were primarily meant to wind up on your iPod, but at first you needed a Mac to buy them, since the transaction happened in iTunes, which ran only on a Mac at the time. I include this development here not because of its impact on the music industry — which was epic — but because it introduced the concept of a digital content store being built into a computing device — something which eventually became standard practice everywhere, for music, video, apps, games and books.
16. The iMac defined the modern all-in-one.
You might need to press and hold some of these shortcuts for slightly longer than other shortcuts. This helps you to avoid using them unintentionally.
- Power button: Press to turn on your Mac or wake it from sleep. Press and hold for 1.5 seconds to put your Mac to sleep.* Continue holding to force your Mac to turn off.
- Option–Command–Power button* or Option–Command–Media Eject : Put your Mac to sleep.
- Control–Shift–Power button* or Control–Shift–Media Eject : Put your displays to sleep.
- Control–Power button* or Control–Media Eject : Display a dialog asking whether you want to restart, sleep, or shut down.
- Control–Command–Power button:* Force your Mac to restart, without prompting to save any open and unsaved documents.
- Control–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then restart your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
- Control–Option–Command–Power button* or Control–Option–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then shut down your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
- Control-Command-Q: Immediately lock your screen.
- Shift-Command-Q: Log out of your macOS user account. You will be asked to confirm. To log out immediately without confirming, press Option-Shift-Command-Q.
* Does not apply to the Touch ID sensor.
Finder and system shortcuts
- Command-D: Duplicate the selected files.
- Command-E: Eject the selected disk or volume.
- Command-F: Start a Spotlight search in the Finder window.
- Command-I: Show the Get Info window for a selected file.
- Command-R: (1) When an alias is selected in the Finder: show the original file for the selected alias. (2) In some apps, such as Calendar or Safari, refresh or reload the page. (3) In Software Update preferences, check for software updates again.
- Shift-Command-C: Open the Computer window.
- Shift-Command-D: Open the desktop folder.
- Shift-Command-F: Open the Recents window, showing all of the files you viewed or changed recently.
- Shift-Command-G: Open a Go to Folder window.
- Shift-Command-H: Open the Home folder of the current macOS user account.
- Shift-Command-I: Open iCloud Drive.
- Shift-Command-K: Open the Network window.
- Option-Command-L: Open the Downloads folder.
- Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder.
- Shift-Command-O: Open the Documents folder.
- Shift-Command-P: Show or hide the Preview pane in Finder windows.
- Shift-Command-R: Open the AirDrop window.
- Shift-Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar in Finder windows.
- Control-Shift-Command-T: Add selected Finder item to the Dock (OS X Mavericks or later)
- Shift-Command-U: Open the Utilities folder.
- Option-Command-D: Show or hide the Dock.
- Control-Command-T: Add the selected item to the sidebar (OS X Mavericks or later).
- Option-Command-P: Hide or show the path bar in Finder windows.
- Option-Command-S: Hide or show the Sidebar in Finder windows.
- Command–Slash (/): Hide or show the status bar in Finder windows.
- Command-J: Show View Options.
- Command-K: Open the Connect to Server window.
- Control-Command-A: Make an alias of the selected item.
- Command-N: Open a new Finder window.
- Option-Command-N: Create a new Smart Folder.
- Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
- Option-Command-T: Show or hide the toolbar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
- Option-Command-V: Move the files in the Clipboard from their original location to the current location.
- Command-Y: Use Quick Look to preview the selected files.
- Option-Command-Y: View a Quick Look slideshow of the selected files.
- Command-1: View the items in the Finder window as icons.
- Command-2: View the items in a Finder window as a list.
- Command-3: View the items in a Finder window in columns.
- Command-4: View the items in a Finder window in a gallery.
- Command–Left Bracket ([): Go to the previous folder.
- Command–Right Bracket (]): Go to the next folder.
- Command–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder.
- Command–Control–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder in a new window.
- Command–Down Arrow: Open the selected item.
- Right Arrow: Open the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Left Arrow: Close the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Command-Delete: Move the selected item to the Trash.
- Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash.
- Option-Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash without confirmation dialog.
- Command–Brightness Down: Turn video mirroring on or off when your Mac is connected to more than one display.
- Option–Brightness Up: Open Displays preferences. This works with either Brightness key.
- Control–Brightness Up or Control–Brightness Down: Change the brightness of your external display, if supported by your display.
- Option–Shift–Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Brightness Down: Adjust the display brightness in smaller steps. Add the Control key to this shortcut to make the adjustment on your external display, if supported by your display.
- Option–Mission Control: Open Mission Control preferences.
- Command–Mission Control: Show the desktop.
- Control–Down Arrow: Show all windows of the front app.
- Option–Volume Up: Open Sound preferences. This works with any of the volume keys.
- Option–Shift–Volume Up or Option–Shift–Volume Down: Adjust the sound volume in smaller steps.
- Option–Keyboard Brightness Up: Open Keyboard preferences. This works with either Keyboard Brightness key.
- Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Down: Adjust the keyboard brightness in smaller steps.
- Option key while double-clicking: Open the item in a separate window, then close the original window.
- Command key while double-clicking: Open a folder in a separate tab or window.
- Command key while dragging to another volume: Move the dragged item to the other volume, instead of copying it.
- Option key while dragging: Copy the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
- Option-Command while dragging: Make an alias of the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
- Option-click a disclosure triangle: Open all folders within the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Command-click a window title: See the folders that contain the current folder.
- Learn how to use Command or Shift to select multiple items in the Finder.
- Click the Go menu in the Finder menu bar to see shortcuts for opening many commonly used folders, such as Applications, Documents, Downloads, Utilities, and iCloud Drive.
Document shortcuts
The behavior of these shortcuts may vary with the app you're using.
- Command-B: Boldface the selected text, or turn boldfacing on or off.
- Command-I: Italicize the selected text, or turn italics on or off.
- Command-K: Add a web link.
- Command-U: Underline the selected text, or turn underlining on or off.
- Command-T: Show or hide the Fonts window.
- Command-D: Select the Desktop folder from within an Open dialog or Save dialog.
- Control-Command-D: Show or hide the definition of the selected word.
- Shift-Command-Colon (:): Display the Spelling and Grammar window.
- Command-Semicolon (;): Find misspelled words in the document.
- Option-Delete: Delete the word to the left of the insertion point.
- Control-H: Delete the character to the left of the insertion point. Or use Delete.
- Control-D: Delete the character to the right of the insertion point. Or use Fn-Delete.
- Fn-Delete: Forward delete on keyboards that don't have a Forward Delete key. Or use Control-D.
- Control-K: Delete the text between the insertion point and the end of the line or paragraph.
- Fn–Up Arrow: Page Up: Scroll up one page.
- Fn–Down Arrow: Page Down: Scroll down one page.
- Fn–Left Arrow: Home: Scroll to the beginning of a document.
- Fn–Right Arrow: End: Scroll to the end of a document.
- Command–Up Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the document.
- Command–Down Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the document.
- Command–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the current line.
- Command–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the current line.
- Option–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word.
- Option–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the next word.
- Shift–Command–Up Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the document.
- Shift–Command–Down Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the document.
- Shift–Command–Left Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the current line.
- Shift–Command–Right Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the current line.
- Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line above.
- Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line below.
- Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the left.
- Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the right.
- Option–Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current paragraph, then to the beginning of the following paragraph if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current paragraph, then to the end of the following paragraph if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current word, then to the beginning of the following word if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current word, then to the end of the following word if pressed again.
- Control-A: Move to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
- Control-E: Move to the end of a line or paragraph.
- Control-F: Move one character forward.
- Control-B: Move one character backward.
- Control-L: Center the cursor or selection in the visible area.
- Control-P: Move up one line.
- Control-N: Move down one line.
- Control-O: Insert a new line after the insertion point.
- Control-T: Swap the character behind the insertion point with the character in front of the insertion point.
- Command–Left Curly Bracket ({): Left align.
- Command–Right Curly Bracket (}): Right align.
- Shift–Command–Vertical bar (|): Center align.
- Option-Command-F: Go to the search field.
- Option-Command-T: Show or hide a toolbar in the app.
- Option-Command-C: Copy Style: Copy the formatting settings of the selected item to the Clipboard.
- Option-Command-V: Paste Style: Apply the copied style to the selected item.
- Option-Shift-Command-V: Paste and Match Style: Apply the style of the surrounding content to the item pasted within that content.
- Option-Command-I: Show or hide the inspector window.
- Shift-Command-P: Page setup: Display a window for selecting document settings.
- Shift-Command-S: Display the Save As dialog, or duplicate the current document.
- Shift–Command–Minus sign (-): Decrease the size of the selected item.
- Shift–Command–Plus sign (+): Increase the size of the selected item. Command–Equal sign (=) performs the same function.
- Shift–Command–Question mark (?): Open the Help menu.
Other shortcuts
For more shortcuts, check the shortcut abbreviations shown in the menus of your apps. Every app can have its own shortcuts, and shortcuts that work in one app might not work in another.
The Way For Cowboys Bible
- Apple Music shortcuts: Choose Help > Keyboard shortcuts from the menu bar in the Music app.
- Other shortcuts: Choose Apple menu > System Preferences, click Keyboard, then click Shortcuts.
Learn more
- Create your own shortcuts and resolve conflicts between shortcuts
- Change the behavior of the function keys or modifier keys
On January 24, 1984, at the Flint Center on De Anza College's campus in Cupertino, California, Apple formally announced the Macintosh at its shareholder meeting, in front an audience so packed that large numbers of people who owned Apple stock couldn't get in at all.
Here's a video of the entire event, complete with an introduction by then-CEO John Sculley apologizing to the shareholders who were stuck outside:
[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YShLWK9n2Sk]
Drawing heavily on inspiration from Xerox's PARC lab and other research that came before it, as well as Apple's own Lisa — but adding plenty of its own innovations — the Mac was the first successful computer with a graphical user interface, a mouse and the ability to show you what a printed document would look like before you printed it. As the computer turns 30, it's tempting to celebrate simply by remembering how profoundly its debut changed personal computing.
(PHOTOS:Macintosh at 30: Apple's Computer Evolution)
But as I think about the anniversary, I'm at least as impressed by two other facts about the Mac:
1) It's actually existed for 30 years
2) More important, it's mattered for 30 years
In other categories of products, something being around for decades, continuing to evolve and maintaining its popularity isn't all that unusual: Consider, for instance, the Toyota Corolla, which has been with us since 1966.
But the Mac is the only personal computer with a 30-year history. Other than Apple itself, the leading computer companies of 1984 included names such as Atari, Commodore, Compaq, Kaypro and Radio Shack — all of which have since either left the PC business or vanished altogether. Even IBM, personified as the evil Big Brother-like overlord in the Mac's legendary '1984' commercial, bailed on the PC industry in 2004. That the Mac has not only survived but thrived is astonishing.
Technically, the Macs of today are actually based on operating-system software that originated with the computers made by NeXT, the company Steve Jobs founded after being ousted from Apple in 1985 and then sold to it in 1996. Philosophically, aesthetically and spiritually, though, they're very much descendants of the original 1984 Mac. The same things Apple cared about then — approachability, integration of software and hardware, a willingness to do fewer things but do them better — it cares about today. It's always just tried to build the best, most Apple-esque personal computers it could with the technology available to it at the time.
And if you trace the history of the Mac from 1984 to 2014, you keep coming up with ways the platform influenced the rest of the industry — yes, even during the scary period during the mid-1990s when the company flirted with financial disaster.
So for this list, I'm skipping the reasons why the Mac mattered in 1984. Here's why it's never stopped being the world's most influential personal computer.
1. It made icons into art.
The first Mac was the first fully mainstream computer with a graphical user interface, and therefore the first one with icons. They were famously designed by Susan Kare, who later did icons for Microsoft, Facebook and other clients. Today, icons are everywhere — on computers, phones, tablets and the web. And even though today's designers have more pixels and colors to work with than Kare did back in the day, their work, like hers, involves visualizing concepts in a way that's immediately understandable, even at a teensy size.
2. Macs have always begged to be networked.
Starting in 1985, when computer networking was still a pricey and exotic rarity, Apple made it easy to connect Macs to each other using a technology called AppleTalk. The original iMac had Ethernet at a time when that was a startlingly advanced feature for a home computer. And when Apple unveiled a laptop with built-in Wi-Fi at Macworld Expo New York in 1999, the notion of being able to use the Internet without any cords was still so startling that Phil Schiller jumped from a great height onto a mattress while clutching an iBook to prove that no strings were attached.
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3. HyperCard helped inspire the web.
Bill Atkinson, the genius who did as much as anyone to make the Mac's interface great, also created 1987's HyperCard, a Mac application that let anyone create stacks of on-screen cards with text, images and hyperlinks. Widely applauded at the time — and bundled with every Mac — HyperCard never quite changed the world. But it influenced Tim Berners-Lee's early collaborator Robert Cailliau, who had a hand in inventing the basic technologies of a rather HyperCard-like technology called the World Wide Web.
4. Microsoft Office was born there.
Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office have had such a symbiotic relationship for so long that it's easy to forget that Office started out on the Mac. Back in 1989, Microsoft bundled up the first version — with Mac editions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint and an e-mail app — as a limited-time offer. It was a hit, so the bundling became permanent, and a Windows version arrived in 1990.
5. It made pointing portable.
Grizzled tech veterans recall the age when notebook computers didn't incorporate a pointing device — you either plugged in a mouse, strapped on some sort of ungainly offboard trackball or did without. That changed in 1991 when Apple announced its first PowerBooks, which put a palm-rest area below the keyboard, with a sizable trackball in the middle. Trackballs didn't last all that long before giving way to touchpads, but the palm rest is still a standard feature on nearly every laptop.
6. QuickTime kickstarted digital video.
If you operate under the theory that Apple didn't do anything of lasting importance during the 11 years that Steve Jobs was in exile, consider this: QuickTime, which put smooth, high-quality video on a Mac's screen, was groundbreaking when it debuted in 1991. Its descendants are in every Mac, iPhone and iPad, and the standards it shaped led to the era of YouTube and Netflix.
7. Touchpads took over.
As useful as built-in trackballs were, they had their downsides: They took up a lot of space, required periodic cleaning and were prone to mechanical failure. And their era turned out to be brief. In 1994, Apple shipped the first PowerBooks with touchpads — the company calls them Trackpads — and they soon became the de facto mobile pointing device almost everywhere, with the exception of ThinkPads and a few other machines with tiny pointing sticks.
8. Macs never have trouble saying goodbye.
Part of Apple's design minimalism involves removing features it's decided are no longer necessary — and almost always, it errs on the side of removing them too early rather than too late. When 1998's original iMac ditched the 3 1/2-inch floppy drive — a technology introduced 14 years earlier by the first Mac — it provoked a fair amount of anguish and even conspiracy theories. But within half a decade or so, the floppy was gone everywhere.
9. For logos, it proved upside-down is right.
Bloomberg / Getty ImagesSteve Jobs introduces the original MacBook Air in January 2008
These days, nearly all laptops have prominent logos on the back of their screens. From the perspective of the users, they're upside-down — which means that they're right side-up when you flip the computer open, allowing them to serve as tiny billboards that display a branding message to everyone else around you. But notebooks didn't always have those logos, and even Apple machines, at first, had them the other way around. In 2012, former Apple employee Joe Moreno explained how the logos got flipped, a design decision that the rest of the industry ended up following.
10. The Apple Store was originally a Mac store.
When the first two Apple Store locations opened on May 19, 2001 in Tysons Corner, Va. and Glendale, Ca., they weren't stocked with iPhones or iPads. They didn't even carry iPods, which didn't exist until October of that year. No, they offered only computers and related products — which meant that Apple's revolutionary approach to electronics retailing originated as a way to sell more Macs.
11. Steve Jobs' media hub vision came true.
Back in the early part of this century, when Apple was busy creating apps such as iTunes, iPhoto and iMovie, Steve Jobs spent a lot of time pitching the idea of the Mac as a media hub — a device you'd use to manage digital music, photos, video and other content you created and consumed using a variety of then-new gizmos. The concept worked. And if it's less of a given today that you'll use a computer for those tasks, it's only because the iPhone and iPad proved that phones and tablets can also be great media hubs.
12. It gave Bluetooth a boost.
In 2002, when phones started adding a wireless technology called Bluetooth, there wasn't much you could do with it. But you could use it to transfer data between your phone and a Mac — at first using Apple's Bluetooth adapter and, shortly thereafter, via Bluetooth built into new Macs. The technology never became all that common on Windows PCs, but it continues on as a standard Mac feature to this day.
13. Macs keep proving you can start fresh.
In 2001, Apple dumped Mac OS — the original Mac operating system, which had grown outdated and creaky — and replaced it with the state-of-the-art OS X. If the company hadn't been willing to do that, it's unlikely that Macs would exist today. Two other similar shifts — the move from 680×0 processors to PowerPC chips, and then the move from PowerPC chips to Intel ones — were equally daring. Strangely, Apple's fearlessness about such transitions, successful though they've been, is one thing about the company that few of its rivals ever imitate.
14. It let you see your keyboard in the dark.
The 17-inch PowerBook that Apple released in 2003 had the largest screen anybody had put into a notebook up until that time — and it did inspire similarly humongous Windows laptops. But I'm bringing it up here because it was the first portable computer with a backlit keyboard and light sensors, which let it turn on the illumination only when necessary. Plenty of other models have since followed its lead, to the point where lack of illumination is a sign that a laptop suffers from excessive cost-cutting.
15. iTunes built commerce into a computing device.
In 2003, Apple started selling digital music downloads. They were primarily meant to wind up on your iPod, but at first you needed a Mac to buy them, since the transaction happened in iTunes, which ran only on a Mac at the time. I include this development here not because of its impact on the music industry — which was epic — but because it introduced the concept of a digital content store being built into a computing device — something which eventually became standard practice everywhere, for music, video, apps, games and books.
16. The iMac defined the modern all-in-one.
In the earliest days of personal computing, there were machines with the screen and electronic guts built into one case, such as Commodore's PET 2001. Then the design faded away until Apple revived it with the original Mac. Then it faded away again until 1998's iMac revived it. When Apple released the iMac G5 in 2004 — with a big flat screen built into a slab-like computer on a pedestal — the rest of the industry gradually copied the design. A decade later, if you're buying a desktop computer, there's a good chance it's an iMac or one of its clones.
17. It made solid-state storage make sense.
Since the 1980s — when NEC released an early notebook called the UltraLite — PC makers had tinkered with the idea of replacing rotating storage devices such as hard disks with reliable, fast, compact, power-efficient solid-state memory. But solid-state only became truly mainstream in 2010, when Apple made it a standard feature on the second-generation MacBook Air. It's still far pricier and more limited in capacity than a hard disk, but it's now the only form of storage Apple uses for portable Macs — and, at long last, a commonplace technology in other manufacturers' laptops.
18. Retina is a great leap forward for the eyeballs.
Since the 1980s, computer displays resolutions have been getting higher — usually in baby steps that made new screens a just little bit better than old screens. But when Apple released the first MacBook Pro with a Retina display in 2012, it quadrupled the pixels of its predecessor, among the most impressive one-fell-swoop advances in PC history.
19. Where would computer design be without it?
Virtually every computer that runs Windows owes something to the Mac, but in some cases — as with certain models in HP's appropriately-named Envy line — the industrial-design debt is so absolute that it's embarrassing. A goodly percentage of Ultrabooks — and some Chromebooks — also knock off Apple designs to a degree that, frankly, seems wholly unnecessary.
20. No Macs, no iPhones or iPads.
If Apple hadn't made Macs, it wouldn't have had a fraction of the industrial-design chops it needed to pull off the iPhone and iPad. And it wouldn't have had the necessary software, either, since iOS is based on the Mac's OS X.
In the '1984' commercial that introduced the Mac, Apple suggested that a world without its new machine would be grim and dystopian. That was a fantasy designed to sell computers, not a statement of fact. But have the last 30 years of life on Planet Earth been meaningfully better because that first Mac — and all the ones that have followed — existed? You bet — and I hope that there's lots more to come.